02212cas a2200253 a 4500 AALejournalIMF000122 230101c9999 xx r poo 0 0eng d 5.00 USD 9781451845228 1018-5941 BD-DhAAL BD-DhAAL Krueger, Russell. Measurement of Co-Circulation of Currencies / Russell Krueger, Jiming Ha. Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund, 1995. 1 online resource (42 pages) IMF Working Papers <strong>Off-Campus Access:</strong> No User ID or Password Required <strong>On-Campus Access:</strong> No User ID or Password Required Electronic access restricted to authorized BRAC University faculty, staff and students 'Co-circulation' involves the regular use of two or more currencies within an economy. This paper examines methodologies to measure the extent to which foreign currencies are circulated within an economy. Ample anecdotal evidence exists that the U.S. dollar, DM, and other currencies are widely used outside their home countries, as general mediums of exchange, as speculative instruments, or as means of saving. Co-circulation is rarely estimated, which can result in serious errors in statistical estimates of international capital flows and monetary aggregates. We examine a variety of measurement techniques that might be used in various situations. However, estimation remains difficult or impossible in some settings. Limited evidence available suggests that co-circulation is widespread and large scale in some countries. In the final section, we discuss some policy implications of co-circulation regarding seigniorage, inflation control, and the partial integration of monetary systems that accompanies co-circulation. An appendix by Roman Zytek discusses possible sampling biases in measuring co-circulation due to segmentation in markets. Mode of access: Internet Ha, Jiming. IMF Working Papers; Working Paper ; No. 1995/034 Full text available on IMF http://elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/001/1995/034/001.1995.issue-034-en.xml IMF e-Library