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   <subfield code="z">9781451849318</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">1018-5941</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Ross, Kevin.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">External Debt Histories of Ten Low-Income Developing Countries : </subfield>
   <subfield code="b">Lessons from Their Experience /</subfield>
   <subfield code="c">Kevin Ross, R. Brooks, Robert Powell, Ydahlia Metzgen Quemarez.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Washington, D.C. :</subfield>
   <subfield code="b">International Monetary Fund,</subfield>
   <subfield code="c">1998.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">IMF Working Papers</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Electronic access restricted to authorized BRAC University faculty, staff and students</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">The external debt burden of many low-income developing countries has increased significantly since the 1970s. Developments in a sample of ten countries show that the main factors behind the buildup of debt were (1) exogenous (adverse terms of trade shocks or weather), (2) a lack of sustained macroeconomic adjustment and structural reforms, (3) nonconcessional lending arid refinancing policies of creditors, (4) inadequate debt management, and (5) political factors (civil war and social strife). Future policies should limit the need for external financing and create an environment conducive to diversifying export growth, managing debt more prudently, and basing economic projections on more cautious assumptions.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Brooks, R.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Metzgen Quemarez, Ydahlia.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Powell, Robert.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">IMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;</subfield>
   <subfield code="v">No. 1998/072</subfield>
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