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   <subfield code="z">9781451848069</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">1018-5941</subfield>
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  <datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
   <subfield code="a">Tsyvinski, Aleh.</subfield>
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  <datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0">
   <subfield code="a">Energy Sector Quasi-Fiscal Activities in the Countries of the Former Soviet Union /</subfield>
   <subfield code="c">Aleh Tsyvinski, Martin Petri, Gunther Taube.</subfield>
  </datafield>
  <datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1">
   <subfield code="a">Washington, D.C. :</subfield>
   <subfield code="b">International Monetary Fund,</subfield>
   <subfield code="c">2002.</subfield>
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  <datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
   <subfield code="a">1 online resource (34 pages)</subfield>
  </datafield>
  <datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
   <subfield code="a">IMF Working Papers</subfield>
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  <datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
   <subfield code="a">&lt;strong&gt;Off-Campus Access:&lt;/strong&gt; No User ID or Password Required</subfield>
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  <datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
   <subfield code="a">&lt;strong&gt;On-Campus Access:&lt;/strong&gt; No User ID or Password Required</subfield>
  </datafield>
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   <subfield code="a">Electronic access restricted to authorized BRAC University faculty, staff and students</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">A decade into the transition, many of the successor states of the former Soviet Union (FSU) continue to use energy sector quasi-fiscal activities (QFAs), especially low energy prices and the toleration of payment arrears, to provide large implicit and untargeted subsidies. These activities disguise the overall size of the government, cause overconsumption and waste, and contribute to macroeconomic imbalances. This paper analyses such activities in FSU countries, with particular emphasis on two case studies (Azerbaijan and Ukraine). The paper's policy conclusions point to the need to increase energy prices, combined with a strengthening of safety nets to protect the poor, better enforcement of payment discipline, and more efforts to achieve fiscal transparency.</subfield>
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  <datafield tag="538" ind1=" " ind2=" ">
   <subfield code="a">Mode of access: Internet</subfield>
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  <datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
   <subfield code="a">Petri, Martin.</subfield>
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  <datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" ">
   <subfield code="a">Taube, Gunther.</subfield>
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  <datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0">
   <subfield code="a">IMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;</subfield>
   <subfield code="v">No. 2002/060</subfield>
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  <datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="0">
   <subfield code="z">Full text available on IMF</subfield>
   <subfield code="u">http://elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/001/2002/060/001.2002.issue-060-en.xml</subfield>
   <subfield code="z">IMF e-Library</subfield>
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