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   <subfield code="a">Silgoner, Maria.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">The Fiscal Smile : </subfield>
   <subfield code="b">The Effectiveness and Limits of Fiscal Stabilizers /</subfield>
   <subfield code="c">Maria Silgoner, Jesus Crespo-Cuaresma, Gerhard Reitschuler.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Washington, D.C. :</subfield>
   <subfield code="b">International Monetary Fund,</subfield>
   <subfield code="c">2003.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">We study the smoothing impact of fiscal stabilizers (proxied by government expenditures or revenues) on business cycle volatility for a panel of EU countries in the period 1970-99. The results show that the business cycle volatility smoothing effect of fiscal stabilizers may revert at high levels. We present evidence that for government expenditure ratios exceeding an estimated value of about 38 percent, a further expansion in the size of the government could actually lead to an increase in cyclical volatility. This may call for a reconsideration of the use of fiscal stabilizers for business cycle smoothing.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Crespo-Cuaresma, Jesus.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">Reitschuler, Gerhard.</subfield>
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   <subfield code="a">IMF Working Papers; Working Paper ;</subfield>
   <subfield code="v">No. 2003/182</subfield>
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