02114cas a2200253 a 4500 AALejournalIMF018220 230101c9999 xx r poo 0 0eng d 5.00 USD 9781484338636 1018-5941 BD-DhAAL BD-DhAAL Medina, Leandro. Shadow Economies Around the World : What Did We Learn Over the Last 20 Years? / Leandro Medina, Friedrich Schneider. Washington, D.C. : International Monetary Fund, 2018. 1 online resource (76 pages) IMF Working Papers <strong>Off-Campus Access:</strong> No User ID or Password Required <strong>On-Campus Access:</strong> No User ID or Password Required Electronic access restricted to authorized BRAC University faculty, staff and students We undertake an extended discussion of the latest developments about the existing and new estimation methods of the shadow economy. New results on the shadow economy for 158 countries all over the world are presented over 1991 to 2015. Strengths and weaknesses of these methods are assessed and a critical comparison and evaluation of the methods is carried out. The average size of the shadow economy of the 158 countries over 1991 to 2015 is 31.9 percent. The largest ones are Zimbabwe with 60.6 percent, and Bolivia with 62.3 percent of GDP. The lowest ones are Austria with 8.9 percent, and Switzerland with 7.2 percent. The new methods, especially the new macro method, Currency Demand Approach (CDA) and Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes (MIMIC) in a structured hybrid-model based estimation procedure, are promising approaches from an econometric standpoint, alongside some new micro estimates. These estimations come quite close to others used by statistical offices or based on surveys. Mode of access: Internet Schneider, Friedrich. IMF Working Papers; Working Paper ; No. 2018/017 Full text available on IMF http://elibrary.imf.org/view/journals/001/2018/017/001.2018.issue-017-en.xml IMF e-Library